Best Ontario Online Casinos In 2025 Evaluate Our Top 25 Sites
Content
- Spin Genius Casino Ontario
- Top Ontario Online Casinos Within February 2025
- Secure Ontario Online Casino Banking
- How To Sign Upward And Play In Ontario Online Casinos
- New Ontario Online” “casinos
- Playojo – The Most Fun Governed Ontario Online Gambling Establishment!
- Getting Help For Problem Gambling In Ontario
- Olg Exclusive: Olg Riches
- Do My Partner And I Need To Stay In Ontario To Enjoy At Real Funds Online Casinos?
- Scratch Play See All
- Top Lotto Games
- Land Casinos In Ottawa
- Ontario Gambling Establishment Apps
- Ontario Online Internet Casinos Pros And Cons
- Top On The Web Casinos In Ontario – Full List For February 2025
- Casino Woodbine
- Top 3 On The Internet Casinos Ontario
- Martha Otton, Executive Overseer Of Igaming Ontario
- Casino Games
- Golden Tiger Casino
- Bally Gamble Sportsbook & On Line Casino Faq
- 3 Olg’s Intellectual Home Rights
- Best Paying On-line Casinos In Ontario
- Live Casino
- #1 Videoslots – Extensive Slot Machine Selection
- Withdrawals From A Player Account
- Royspins Casino
- Game Shows
- How We Rate Ontario Online Casinos
- Ontario Governed Igaming Timeline
Yes, you may gamble online throughout Ontario in addition to really a lot associated with options for accomplishing this. From online casino games to athletics betting and almost everything in between, you are spoiled with regard to choice in terms of on-line gambling options in the province. The very first online casino throughout Canada, and another regarding the first on the planet,” “was launched by InterCasino back 1995 and started out mainly with typical table games. Initially, these online betting platforms were controlled offshore but since typically the popularity of internet gambling grew, it grew to become evident that some sort of regulated framework has been needed to ensure consumer protection in addition to promote responsible betting practices. IGaming Ontario regulates online gambling as a subsidiary in the Alcohol and Gaming Commission associated with Ontario. It runs licenses for possible casinos operators within the province.
- Blackjack has the best house chances at Ontario on the web casinos, and the particular rules are crystal clear.
- In the mid-1980s, starting in Manitoba, government-operated casinos had been introduced and various other provinces soon adopted suit, establishing their particular own government-run internet casinos to generate earnings for public courses.
- We possess put together a good expertly curated manual that outlines typically the best Ontario on-line casinos.
Based in Ramo Ontario, this gambling establishment is open twenty-four hours a day, seven days a new week for their customers. They offer the exclusive rewards membership rights card once a person present your legitimate ID to typically the services desk that will allows you to earn take into account work with for free enjoy, food, and even access to special events. Rama offers one hundred gambling tables, 12 poker tables with an astonishing slots in total! There are actually progressive slot machines for that thrill-seekers between us that are running after that life-changing succeed. Across their casinos, they have the selection of 10 restaurants and bars, together with resort rooms and bedrooms available too for these who need overnight accommodation. Many individuals like using charge or credit credit cards for payments since they are therefore familiar.” “[newline]It is easy to be able to find online casinos that accept prepaid Mastercard and Visa for australia casinos canada mainly because most casinos acknowledge both of these types of payment options online casino in ontario.
Spin Genie Casino Ontario
We look away for casinos where croupiers are skilled, friendly and speak English. We make sure the live casinos in Ontario are driven” “by the biggest operators such as Evolution Gaming in addition to Ezugi. But how will online casino websites ensure you’re playing legally and in Ontario borders? With the internet casino market already a flourishing sector in typically the province, the introduction of a lot more licensed Ontario casinos on the internet means it might really go stratospheric.
- When the Province govt decided to open up the online market on with competition, it was the AGCO that checked each license applicant with regard to suitability and honored the licences.
- Owned by Games Global given that April 2022, Microgaming is famous for generating the world’s first-ever internet casino software inside 1994.
- If you’re looking at this guide next you’re probably seeking to use PayPal, but other options in Ontario include Interac, Visa, Master card, and even more.
- The most trusted online casinos are those where games are usually fair, your funds is safe and you are protected in opposition to incentives that may create problem betting.
- As using most online internet casinos, the slots catalogue is the superstar with the show, nevertheless there are plenty associated with live dealer games to keep the particular excitement levels high.
If, during the Suspension, OLG determines that the particular Player has dedicated a Material Infringement of this Agreement, it may Deactivate the gamer Account in compliance with Section 12. 2. Renewed use of and use of a new player Account for an Intending Player along with a Suspended Account is be subject to OLG approval in its sole and absolute acumen and may be requested by typically the Intending Player just by contacting Player Support. The awarding and availability of Bonus Funds are in OLG’s singular discretion. The utilization of Bonus Funds may be restricted to specific Games plus specific periods associated with time, and Bonus Cash may expire and be cancelled if they will be not used prior to a particular date or period. In addition, OLG may cancel Bonus Funds which were uploaded into the Player Account from any time in the sole discretion. A” “Gamer may cancel their own withdrawal request through their particular Standard Player Consideration.
Top Ontario Online Casinos Throughout February 2025
What happens in Vegas doesn’t constantly stay there instructions especially when it comes to the legendary MGM gaming experience. LeoVegas is proud to be a wholly owned subsidiary of MGM Hotels International. Go to ‘My Balance’ and select ‘Deposit Funds’ to incorporate more funds to your account. Find your bundle of money and hit thrilling Wilds or Added bonus Spins with just about all your favourite slot machine games available on the web. Some Pay-to-Play Games might be offered jointly and networked together with one or more other Canadian lottery jurisdictions. Players enjoying such Games could face opponents by within Ontario in addition to opponents located anywhere else in Canada.
- As of now, you will discover 83 different internet casino sites available within Ontario, each offering a diverse range regarding slots and table games, highlighting the impressive growth associated with the province’s iGaming market since the launch on Apr 4, 2022.
- It wasn’t before the 1970s that a legal change substantially altered the Canadian casino landscape.
- To give an individual a quick guide, we’ve provided a summary of all the lawful sites available within the province.
- And when we embarked into the live dealer section, it sensed like we were proper there in the particular thick of the particular action.
- Our experts have compared payout rates and withdrawal speeds around regulated Ontario internet casinos to help a person find sites giving the best earning opportunities with minimal risk.
Simply follow our step-by-step below, and you’ll be an ON online casino member within a flash. Ontario’s mobile iGaming companies are one of the particular largest and many competing in America. With over 30 workers submitting applications in order to launch on April 4, 2022, occupants unsurprisingly had a plethora of internet casino alternatives available from day one. IGaming Ontario regulates all third-party Ontario online casinos within the province, while AGCO oversees Ontario’s betting industry as some sort of whole. The best online casinos Ontario cater to gamblers of all stripes, whether or not they choose in order to play slots, online poker, blackjack, roulette, craps, baccarat, keno, or even any other game.
Secure Ontario Online Casino Banking
Its gambling floor features above 3, 500 slot machines and 140 gaming tables. Beyond the casino activity, visitors can take pleasure in a wide assortment of dining encounters, including Italian, meat and seafood, and also Chinese and Hard anodized cookware cuisine. When it comes to legal gambling in Ontario, you’ve received some pretty reliable banking options right here on home lawn, far superior in order to those offshore choices. It is always advisable to perform your own study before engaging with any online video gaming platform. The pursuing transaction speeds plus daily withdrawal restrictions are averages for our top-rated Ontario casinos, so for precision please check together with your chosen operator before you choose a payment method. Check out any regarding these top ten on-line” “slots in Ontario if you need to experience electrifying gameplay and the possibility to strike it big.
It is definitely also recognized for its progressive jackpot Super Moolah that compensated out the biggest online progressive jackpot ever of €19, 430, 723. 70 in 2021. The regulator has developed a document entitled “Registrar’s Standards with regard to Internet Gaming. ” Including a section on responsible gambling which sets out half a dozen key risks that will the regulator plus operators must tackle. Each online casino desires to be the best so you select to play together with them. Not only do they want to get you throughout the door, they would like to keep you because a customer” “for years to come. Basically, this may take a person through everything an individual need to understand to get the best value.
How To Sign Way Up And Play From Ontario Online Casinos
Launched inside 2017, Cadoola is usually a casino that’s licensed in Curacao” “and supplies players with safe and secure casino fun. Its range of game titles include slots, table games, video poker, bingo, and survive dealer play. Customer support can be found by way of a live chat facility in both French and British, plus seven various other languages. Each online casino offers a broad variety of games that interest a variety involving players, with manufacturer new slot plus table games included to the casinos each and just about every month. If you’re searching for best on the web casinos for Ontario players, then choose from any of the 7 listed above and will also be in good fingers. The action at Ontario online internet casinos is electrifying, which has a plethora of alternatives and some involving the industry’s most significant prizes.
Table games are classic casino games of which involve a seller and can end up being played against some other players. Popular stand games at Ontario casinos include craps, baccarat, and Sic Bo. These games need some skill plus knowledge to perform and offer different bets options and payout potentials. With seventy two regulated online casinos in Ontario, you’ve never had a lot more choice than now. To give a person a quick summary, we’ve provided a directory of all the lawful sites available throughout the province.
New Ontario Online” “casinos
Covers provides been a dependable way to obtain regulated, certified, and legal online gambling information due to the fact 1995. Our on the internet casino and sportsbook content team providers an active local community of 20 million users, and our work is on a regular basis featured on renowned media platforms such as ESPN, Forbes, Sports Illustrated, Typically the New York Periods, and USA These days. Casino Woodbine can be a 24/7 casino of which boasts an outstanding number of over several, 400 slot devices and a variety of table games. On the top of gaming excitement, visitors can enjoy dining on the on-site restaurant with landscapes of the panoramic Humber River. Additionally, there’s a noodle bar and quick-bite food service within the second floor for the people seeking a speedy bite. For a change of pace, you can also catch some fascinating horse racing activity with the nearby Woodbine Racetrack.
With all wins from bonuses paid in cash, you may have full control more than” “your dollars, always. We walk out our way to be able to ensure the extremely best casino expertise for members of our own pride. In 2022, LeoVegas joined the MGM family, getting married to LeoVegas’ innovation in addition to mobile-first strategy along with MGM’s world-renowned legacy in hospitality and even gaming.
Playojo – Typically The Most Fun Controlled Ontario Online Gambling Establishment!
Roulette is a amazing classic in which often you predict where a ball will arrive at a spinning tire. Ontario online on line casino players can enjoy various versions, including American, French, or European roulette, when newer innovations such as immersive and multi-wheel roulette are growing the online encounter. This is your own one-stop shop to compare among the better on the web casinos canada with our expert opinions, play at top-rated Ontario casino programs,” “and revel in the latest well-known games. Casino Gajo Resort stands out there as the only First Nations Holiday resort casino in Ontario.
Operators in Ontario’s online gambling industry work with diverse payment companies. So, you’ll get to use credit and debit cards, e-wallets, bank transfers, and other popular payment strategies while on these kinds of sites. If a person happen to have got any questions or perhaps encounter any concerns, customer support agents and the FAQ area should be more than sufficient to help an individual answer and handle them.
Getting Help For Difficulty Gambling In Ontario
We’ve spent decades perfecting our build, growing our existence throughout the United Claims, and delivering wonderful experiences to the players. We make same approach with regards to each of our online casino and sportsbook. Everything we provide is designed in order to give you what you would like, when you need it. You’ll need to make a new deposit and choose your stakes just before you play virtually any game of your deciding on. Some casinos get their way onto a blacklist regarding persistent non-payment regarding winnings or slow response times. Some blacklisted casinos is likewise licensed outside Europe in unreliable offshore jurisdictions.
- Some casinos are usually large, with an enormous number of slot machine games, while others are definitely more focused on digital table games.
- The creation of online wagering platforms back in the 1990s brought a new time of gambling in Canada.
- However, it allows players from Ontario and has currently built up a solid reputation, so it’s person to look at.
- Rebranded in 2023, Caesars Palace Online Casino has a stunning selection of games from a lot of the industry’s top computer software providers — presenting hundreds of slot machine games, massive jackpots, in addition to iconic table timeless classics.
While you may not manage to see your other players, you will receive updates on winning potentials, plus who else will be betting on a single quantity as you. Evolution leads the method with Live Craps, which is suitable for both beginners plus experts alike with the inclusion of simple mode for those still learning typically the ropes. All” “casinos in Ontario will be regulated by the Alcohol and Gambling Commission of Ontario (AGCO). This rules makes sure that casinos manage all personal and financial information properly and securely. We only ever recommend casinos with good licenses, meaning if you play at the highlighted sites, you can be sure your information is handled safely. As a legitimate requirement to aid protect against fraud and even money laundering, you will need to verify your gambling establishment account with particular documentation, such as a photographic USERNAME and proof of address, before you could withdraw any winnings.
Olg Exclusive: Olg Riches
The Canadian government does not notice gambling winnings while a secure revenue, so the” “earnings are not taxed as income. While slots are online games of luck quite than strategy, on the web blackjack may be the contrary. If you do have a solid grasp of simple blackjack strategy in addition to choose your online games wisely, you can reduce the house border to almost even chances – and acquire much better odds of winning compared to any slot online game could provide. That’s why the Ontario online casinos list on this site all hold a new licence from AGCO (Alcohol & Gambling Commission of Ontario).
- There’s been a true buzz on-line about Fire Vegas Ontario since their launch,” “plus it’s not hard to see why.
- Play regularly in order to reap huge rewards in the six-tier loyalty program, which usually can be accessed via your LAPTOP OR COMPUTER or smartphone thank you to the slick Jackpot City IN casino app.
- To confirm whether an operator is usually licensed, seek out the iGaming Ontario logo design which has to be located on the internet site.
- Meanwhile, iGaming Ontario, GamTalk, and the Liable Gambling Council almost all collate support services, charities, and up coming steps for gamers seeking assistance.
- With its nod towards a property based casino setting, live casino at redbet games are ideal for those wanting an participating gaming experience.
Unibet, a brand with its beginnings in the 90s, is really generating waves in Ontario. They’ve got some sort of wide range of gambling options, by jackpot slots to be able to exclusive games, wedding caterers to all or any tastes. But where Unibet Ontario Casino truly shines is its live dealer experience. They offer an unparalleled selection of live dealer games, including black jack, roulette, baccarat, and poker. These video games are streamed in high-definition, and the particular professional dealers create sure you acquire the most impressive gaming experience probable.
Do We Need To Are Now Living In Ontario To Participate In At Real Funds Online Casinos?
Meanwhile, iGaming Ontario, GamTalk, and the Responsible Gambling Council just about all collate support providers, charities, and subsequent steps for players seeking assistance. To download an Ontario online casino app for an iOS device, you could either click the Software Store link within the casino’s homepage, or perhaps search the iphone app on your favored web browser. You’ll then be redirected to the App Store, in which you can install the app.
- Joss Wood has over the decade of experience reviewing and evaluating the best Ontario online casinos to be able to ensure players discover their favorite destination to play.
- Online on line casino has traditionally been a solo matter, with players employing digital simulations associated with familiar casino games.
- A 2019 Stats Canada study identified 1. 6% involving Canadians aged 15 or older usually are at moderate to severe risk involving problem gambling, which usually is thought as the uncontrollable urge in order to gamble despite possible negative consequences.”
- The job of handling permits for Ontario on line casino operators is divided between the AGCO and iGaming Ontario.
- The casino’s certification in addition to software developers are usually checked to make certain stability and safety.
If you love slot machine games, the most well-liked title is Divine Fortune, while the top table online game is blackjack. New technology adds game features all the time, which includes live dealer capabilities. Ontario used the transform to liberate their online gaming marketplace where players had been previously restricted to an individual provider. Live dealer games include exploded in acceptance the past few years, bringing typically the Vegas experience right to your monitor with actual retailers and real-time actions. Not everyone enjoys to learn the exact same games, that’s exactly why it’s vital to select an online gambling establishment that offers a new variety of reside dealer options.
Scratch Play Observe All
Frequently provided as a delightful package, no down payment bonuses are extremely sought after. They credit your on line casino account with reward cash without a person needing to first deposit any funds initial. There are zero catches or hidden clauses; you truly carry out receive bonus funds in return regarding signing up. When you register together with any one of the Ontario casinos, you’ll find some sort of diverse assortment of additional bonuses and promos offered to claim. These often change frequently, with welcome gives for new players and reload additional bonuses designed for regular on the web players.
- With plenty involving video game titles to keep you entertained plus extensive, responsive customer support, newer players can feel right at home from the start.
- Gambling. com is a leading light in on the web casino news for the past 20+ years.
- We evaluate the caliber of customer assistance by contacting Ontario online casinos directly and assessing reaction times, the competence and helpfulness involving support representatives, along with the availability of support options.
Pickering Casino Resort is one of the gems in the Great Canadian Gaming Organization, who run casinos throughout the country. There are also 60+ table games and actually a live dealer stadium with electric terminals. Caesars Windsor was the first legalised land-based casino to open within Ontario. Formerly identified as Casino Windsor, the property was taken over by Caesars Entertainment and even now forms element of a giant gambling empire distributed across North America. Caesars Windsor offers traditional casino video gaming where you can try over two, 600 slots in addition to 100 table games. The popularity of online roulette has transported into the live casino at redbet arena with countless live roulette solutions to players.
Top Lotto Games
Many of the particular Ontario gambling sites offering casino games now also boast sportsbooks. Currently,” “generally there are 31 AGCO and iGO-regulated sports bets sites operating inside Ontario. If you’re looking for the most effective online casinos with regard to Ontario player, here are our top choices. All of these kinds of online casinos are usually compliant for Ontario players and present some of the particular best games accessible. The excitement involving playing within a authentic casino quickly experienced without leaving the house, thanks to be able to live dealer online games.
- You’ll possess a whale associated with a time when you enter these casino’s gaming libraries, too.
- As online casino fans and industry insiders based in Ontario, we from InsideCasino are upon the pulse involving Ontario’s casino marketplace.
- Once the app is usually installed, simply wide open it through your device and follow the particular registration steps.
- All of these online casinos are usually compliant for Ontario players and offer some of the best games obtainable.
However, that changed on April 4, 2022, when Ontario launched a regulated online gambling market — iGaming Ontario. With this launch, Ontario grew to become the first Canadian domain to open the fifth largest gambling market in North The united states. As one of the primary gambling brands on earth, Caesars is a wonderful place to start for anybody new to the online casino space. The banking options in Caesars Palace Casinos are convenient, along with the minimum deposit plus withdrawal rates are usually in line with rivals. In addition, Caesars Ontario has a world-class casino application, allowing players to enjoy gaming about the go anywhere in the province, when the Caesars Returns program benefits those who also intend on visiting their land-based establishments. Yes, folks, Ontario online casino sites are legal plus regulated in March 2025.
Land Internet Casinos In Ottawa
As of April 4, 2022, all online gambling activities have already been” “officially legalised and controlled within the land, following a establishment involving iGaming Ontario. Usually shortened to merely IGO, iGaming Ontario is the fresh arm of the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO) – in addition to also the first of its kind inside Canada – that is dedicated in order to regulating online betting market within the domain. To allow it to be much easier to digest, we’ve broken down the particular regulation into key sections. With the provincial government right now gaining full regulatory control over Ontario internet casinos online, players are now extended the particular same consumer defenses that they might expect inside a area based establishment. At PlayOJO, we’re devoted to ensuring risk-free online gambling in Canada. We provide you with the tools, information, and resources it is advisable to help you play conscientiously and keep gambling fun.
- Online gambling is definitely legal in Ontario thanks to their very own new iGaming legislation, which establishes the regulated market that will allows third-party employees to serve Ontarian players.
- The amount of slots in this article blows my mind and there’s fresh ones launched all the time!
- If these” “background safety measures check out, they moves on to the particular next stage.
- Online sports betting grew to become legal in Ontario that kicks off in august 2021, so you can place single-game wagers on all your favorite sports.” “[newline]Whether you’re a enthusiast of the neighborhood Ottawa Senators or back any of Toronto’s infamous sports clubs, plenty of sporting activities markets are obtainable at your disposal.
Casino Days launched in 2022 and is also one involving the best lowest deposit casinos within Ontario on our list, accepting build up as little while $5! If an individual enjoy a local feel, Casino Days Ontario supports Interac, alongside half a number of other reliable repayment methods. After financing your, you may play 1, 900+ games powered simply by the biggest brands in the industry, including Pragmatic Participate in, NetEnt and” “Development. To do and so, however, you will certainly need to create sure that the internet casino you are playing at truly permits you to bet genuine money and that you have an account at the casino all set up. LeoVegas Ontario supplies a variety of practical payment methods, like Interac, credit greeting cards (Visa and Mastercard), and e-wallet remedies like MuchBetter and NeoSurf that make build up and withdrawals quick for players. Edmonton’s River Cree Holiday resort and Casino, possessed by the Enoch Cree Nation, is a vibrant casino, hotel, and amusement four-star, full-service vacation resort.
Ontario On Line Casino Apps
This season, beyond classic slot machine games and roulette, participants can expect modern games, some involving which enable you to start off with just some sort of buck. Join people even as journey by way of the best Ontario online casinos, featuring the legit kinds and their game-changing offerings for typically the year. This page was last updated on November” “13 after dedicating considerable research time – totaling over 6 hours – to explore Ontario’s evolving casinos scene. However, as a result of recent changes throughout Ontario gambling polices, online casinos could no longer promote real money prizes to prospective gamers.
- Yes, folks, Ontario online casino sites are legal plus regulated in February 2025.
- “Amazing casino site along with fast payout and even large choices of slots and casino online games with fantastic benefits. “
- “Unutilized Funds” means any notional funds corresponding to Canadian dollars that usually are credited to a Player Account, including Prizes but excluding Bonus Funds, that have not been used by the Participant.
- We test these types of casinos on distinct mobile devices to be able to ensure that the particular gaming experience is exactly the same because online – that dragging chips and even changing bet dimensions is easy, and that you can also make use of your smartphone key pad to talk with the dealer.
- Once you’ve explored all typically the features and online game types your selected online casino provides, its time in order to start playing.
She’s performed with gaming start-ups and established operators, leading compliance efforts and building strong regulatory relationships. Her roles have targeted on supporting clubs, navigating complex restrictions, overseeing compliance roadmaps, and ensuring smooth licensing processes. Play with confidence at 72 regulated internet casinos in Ontario, tested by iGaming Ontario and rated by all of us. Keep upward to date upon new online casinos in Ontario and find out the best web sites for rewarding gambling experiences.
Ontario Online Casinos Pros And Cons
One area we’d like to notice expansion is straight into traditional RNG scratch cards, where there are usually currently no alternatives available. SpinAway Online casino is a strong choice for players seeking a range of payment alternatives, including both traditional fiat methods plus multiple cryptocurrencies. In addition to a new packed game library — with over a 1, 000 titles in total, which include live dealer alternatives — the owner promises rapid withdrawals and incorporates a streamlined, mobile-optimised platform. However, a dedicated iOS and Android application would be welcome, and SpinAway provides faced criticism with regard to its document confirmation process. Jackpot Town is one regarding the most trustworthy iGaming platforms accessible in Ontario, plus the operator’s partnerships using the Toronto Raptors along with the Toronto Maple Maple leafs give another jerk to Jackpot City’s legitimacy. Jackpot Metropolis Casino is one of the respected real money on the internet casinos in Ontario, earning its reputation as being a go-to gambling site thanks to be able to its massive library filled with intensifying jackpot” “game titles from Microgaming.
- And when it came to table video games, exclusive titles like Quantum Blackjack plus Lightning Roulette included an exciting twist in order to the traditional on line casino experience.
- The variety of qualified operators shows the very healthy proceeds as online internet casinos that couldn’t produce a go of this drop-out and aiming brands join.
- Interac is well-liked Canadian interbank system that allows a person to deposit finances directly from your own bank account in order to the best Canadian slot machine sites in Ontario.
- Although typically the regulations around casinos in Ontario have got gotten much more difficult since the opening of the brand new iGaming market, typically the banking methods an individual can use by using an Ontario casino web-site are still a lot more or less the same.
- Everything we offer is designed in order to give you what you would like, when you desire it.
Direct Pay out is really a feature available simply to Players along with” “a person Account. The Player is responsible intended for the care and even control of any kind of device they use to gain access to OLG. california, store Device Biometric Data or enable Device Biometric Authentication. The Player acknowledges that once Device Biometric Authentication will be enabled through their very own Player Account, any Biometric Data stashed in these devices utilized to enable the feature can be used to gain access to the Player’s Person Account. “Unutilized Funds” means any notional funds corresponding to Canadian dollars that are usually credited to some sort of Player Account, including Prizes but excluding Bonus Funds, that have not been used by the Participant. We support most operating systems and even browsers on personal computer and laptop pcs. You can also employ your Visa® Debit or Credit card or Mastercard® to add funds.